KEYBOARD

Using your keyboard

Whether you're writing a letter or entering numerical data, your keyboard is the main way to enter information into your computer. But did you know you can also use your keyboard to control your computer? Learning just a few simple keyboard commands (instructions to your computer) can help you work more efficiently. This article covers the basics of keyboard operation and gets you started with keyboard commands.

How the keys are organized

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:

• Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
• Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows logo key, and ESC.
• Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
• Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or webpages and editing text. They include the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE, and INSERT.
• Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding machine.

Typing text

Whenever you need to type something in a program, email message, or text box, you'll see a blinking vertical line (|). That's the cursor, also called the insertion point. It shows where the text that you type will begin. You can move the cursor by clicking in the desired location with the mouse, or by using the navigation keys (see the "Using navigation keys" section of this article).

In addition to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols, the typing keys also include SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, the TAB key, ENTER, the SPACEBAR, and BACKSPACE.

Key Name	How to use it
SHIFT	Press SHIFT in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter. Press SHIFT in combination with another key to type the symbol shown on the upper part of that key.
CAPS LOCK	Press CAPS LOCK once to type all letters as uppercase. Press CAPS LOCK again to turn this function off. Your keyboard may have a light indicating whether CAPS LOCK is on.
TAB	Press the TAB key to move the cursor several spaces forward. You can also press the TAB key to move to the next text box on a form.
ENTER	Press ENTER to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. In a dialog box, press ENTER to select the highlighted button.
SPACEBAR	Press the SPACEBAR to move the cursor one space forward.
BACKSPACE	Press BACKSPACE to delete the character before the cursor, or the selected text.

Using keyboard shortcuts

Keyboard shortcuts are ways to perform actions by using your keyboard. They're called shortcuts because they help you work faster. In fact, almost any action or command you can perform with a mouse can be performed faster using one or more keys on your keyboard.

In Help topics, a plus sign (+) between two or more keys indicates that those keys should be pressed in combination. For example, CTRL+A means to press and hold CTRL and then press A. CTRL+SHIFT+A means to press and hold CTRL and SHIFT and then press A.  

Find program shortcuts

You can do things in most programs by using the keyboard. To see which commands have keyboard shortcuts, open a menu. The shortcuts (if available) are shown next to the menu items.

Choose menus, commands, and options

You can open menus and choose commands and other options using your keyboard. When you press ALT in a program with menus, one letter in each of the menu names becomes underlined. Press an underlined letter to open the corresponding menu. Press the underlined letter in a menu item to choose that command.

Press ALT+F to open the File menu, then press P to choose the Print command

This trick works in dialog boxes too. Whenever you see an underlined letter attached to an option in a dialog box, it means you can press ALT plus that letter to choose that option.

Useful shortcuts

The following table lists some of the most useful keyboard shortcuts. For a more detailed list, see Keyboard shortcuts.

Keyboard Combination	Result
Windows logo key	Open the Start menu
ALT+TAB	Switch between open programs or windows
ALT+F4	Close the active item, or exit the active program
CTRL+S	Save the current file or document (works in most programs)
CTRL+C	Copy the selected item
CTRL+X	Cut the selected item
CTRL+V	Paste the selected item
CTRL+Z	Undo an action
CTRL+A	Select all items in a document or window
Windows logo key +F1	Display Windows Help and Support
ESC	Cancel the current task
Application key	Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a program. Equivalent to right-clicking the selection.
F1	Display Help for a program or Windows

Using navigation keys

The navigation keys allow you to move the cursor, move around in documents and webpages, and edit text. The following table lists some common functions of these keys.

Key stroke	Result
LEFT ARROW, RIGHT ARROW, UP ARROW, or DOWN ARROW	Move the cursor or selection one space or line in the direction of the arrow, or scroll a webpage in the direction of the arrow
HOME	Move the cursor to the beginning of a line or move to the top of a webpage
END	Move the cursor to the end of a line or move to the bottom of a webpage
CTRL+HOME	Move to the top of a document
CTRL+END	Move to the bottom of a document
PAGE UP	Move the cursor or page up one screen
PAGE DOWN	Move the cursor or page down one screen
DELETE	Delete the character after the cursor, or the selected text; in Windows, delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
INSERT	Turn Insert mode off or on. When Insert mode is on, text that you type is inserted at the cursor. When Insert mode is off, text that you type replaces existing characters.

Using the numeric keypad

The numeric keypad arranges the numerals 0 though 9, the arithmetic operators + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), and / (division), and the decimal point as they would appear on a calculator or adding machine. These characters are duplicated elsewhere on the keyboard, of course, but the keypad arrangement allows you to rapidly enter numerical data or mathematical operations with one hand.

To use the numeric keypad to enter numbers, press NUM LOCK. Most keyboards have a light that indicates whether NUM LOCK is on or off. When NUM LOCK is off, the numeric keypad functions as a second set of navigation keys (these functions are printed on the keys next to the numerals or symbols).

You can use your numeric keypad to perform simple calculations with Calculator.

Operate Calculator with the numeric keypad

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1. Check your keyboard light to see if NUM LOCK is on. If it isn't, press NUM LOCK.
2. Using the numeric keypad, type the first number in the calculation.
3. On the keypad, type + to add, - to subtract, * to multiply, or / to divide.
4. Type the next number in the calculation.
5. Press ENTER to complete the calculation

Three odd keys

There are three most mysterious keys on the keyboard: PRINT SCREEN, SCROLL LOCK, and PAUSE/BREAK.

PRINT SCREEN (or PRT SCN)

A long time ago, this key actually did what it says—it sent the current screen of text to your printer. Nowadays, pressing PRINT SCREEN captures an image of your entire screen (a "screen shot") and copies it to the Clipboard in your computer's memory. From there you can paste it (CTRL+V) into Microsoft Paint or another program and, if you want, print it from that program.

More obscure is SYS RQ, which shares the key with PRINT SCREEN on some keyboards. Historically, SYS RQ was designed to be a "system request," but this command is not enabled in Windows.

• Press ALT+PRINT SCREEN to capture an image of just the active window, instead of the entire screen.

SCROLL LOCK (or SCR LK)

In most programs, pressing SCROLL LOCK has no effect. In a few programs, pressing SCROLL LOCK changes the behavior of the arrow keys and the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys; pressing these keys causes the document to scroll without changing the position of the cursor or selection. Your keyboard might have a light indicating whether SCROLL LOCK is on.

PAUSE/BREAK

This key is rarely used. In some older programs, pressing this key pauses the program or, in combination with CTRL, stops it from running.

Other keys

Some modern keyboards come with "internet hot keys" or buttons that give you quick, one-press access to the internet, programs, files, or commands. Other models have (multimedia) have volume controls, scroll wheels, zoom wheels, and other gadgets.

Tips for using your keyboard safely

Using your keyboard properly can help avoid soreness or injury to your wrists, hands, and arms, particularly if you use your computer for long periods of time. Here are some tips to help you avoid problems:

• Place your keyboard at elbow level. Your upper arms should be relaxed at your sides.
• Center your keyboard in front of you. If your keyboard has a numeric keypad, you can use the spacebar as the centering point.
• Type with your hands and wrists floating above the keyboard, so that you can use your whole arm to reach for distant keys instead of stretching your fingers.
• Avoid resting your palms or wrists on any type of surface while typing. If your keyboard has a palm rest, use it only during breaks from typing.
• While typing, use a light touch and keep your wrists straight.
• When you're not typing, relax your arms and hands.
• Take short breaks from computer use every 15 to 20 minutes.

Turning off your computer

When you're done using your computer, it's important to turn it off properly—not only to save energy, but also to ensure that your data is saved and to help keep your computer more secure. Best of all, your computer will start quickly the next time you use it.

Use the Power button on the Start menu

To turn off your computer, click the Start button, and then click the Power button in the lower right corner of the Start menu. The Power button normally looks like this:

When you click this button, your computer goes to sleep. Windows automatically saves your work, the display turns off, and any noise from the computer's fan stops. Usually, a light on the outside of your computer case blinks or turns yellow to indicate that the computer is sleeping. The whole process takes only a few seconds.

Because Windows saves your work, there's no need to close your program. When you click this button, your computer goes to sleep. Windows automatically saves your work, the display turns off, and any noise from the computer's fan stops. Usually, a light on the outside of your computer case blinks or turns yellow to indicate that the computer is sleeping. The whole process takes only a few seconds.

Because Windows saves your work, there's no need to close your programWhen you click this button, your computer goes to sleep. Windows automatically saves your work, the display turns off, and any noise from the computer's fan stops. Usually, a light on the outside of your computer case blinks or turns yellow to indicate that the computer is sleeping. The whole process takes only a few seconds.

Because Windows saves your work, there's no need to close your programs and files before putting your computer to sleep. The next time you turn on your computer (and enter your password, if required), the screen will look exactly as it did when you turned off your computer.

To wake your computer, press the power button on your computer case. Because you don't have to wait for Windows to start, your computer wakes within seconds and you can resume work almost immediately.

Note

• While your computer is sleeping, it uses a very small amount of power to maintain your work in its memory. If you're using a mobile PC, don't worry— the battery won't be drained. After the computer has been sleeping for several hours, or if the battery is running low, your work is saved to the hard disk, and then your computer turns off completely, drawing no power.

Why your Power button might look different

The Start menu's Power button can change its appearance. Under some circumstances, the button looks like this:

When you click the button in this form, your computer shuts down. Unlike putting your computer to sleep, shutting down closes all open programs, along with Windows itself, and then turns off your display and computer completely. Because shutting down doesn't save your work, you must save your files before shutting down.

The Power button shuts down your computer under the following circumstances:

• The Sleep option is not available on your computer hardware.
• You or your computer administrator has set the Power button to always shut down the computer. (The settings can be changed by following the instructions below.)

To change the Power button settings

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There's one other form that the Power button can take. If you've set your computer to receive updates automatically, and the updates are ready to be installed, the button appears with a shield on it:

When you click the button in this form, Windows installs the updates and then shuts down your computer when installation is complete.

Note

• Starting your computer after it has been shut down takes longer than waking your computer from sleep—typically 30 seconds or more, depending on the speed of your computer.